dún

See also: Appendix:Variations of "dun"

Icelandic

Noun

dún

indefinite accusative singular of dúnn

Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d̪ˠuːnˠ/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish dún, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”).

Noun

dún m (genitive singular dúin or dúna, nominative plural dúnta or dúna or dúinte)

fort; fortress
place of refuge, haven
(secure) residence, house
promontory fort; bluff

Declension

Declension of dún (first declension)

bare forms
case	singular	plural
nominative	dún	dúnta
vocative	a dhúin	a dhúnta
genitive	dúin	dúnta
dative	dún	dúnta

forms with the definite article
case	singular	plural
nominative	an dún	na dúnta
genitive	an dúin	na ndúnta
dative	leis an dún don dún	leis na dúnta

Alternative declension

Declension of dún

Third declension

Bare forms:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dún	dúna
Vocative	a dhún	a dhúna
Genitive	dúna	dún
Dative	dún	dúna

Forms with the definite article:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	an dún	na dúna
Genitive	an dúna	na ndún
Dative	leis an dún don dún	leis na dúna

Alternative plural: dúinte

Derived terms

dún Dé (“God's house, heaven”)
Dún Dealgan (“Dundalk”)
Dún Éideann (“Edinburgh”)
dún long (“haven for ships”)
urdhún (“bastion”)

Etymology 2

From Old Irish dúnaid, dúinid (“shuts, closes; blocks, obstructs; joins, clasps; closes, ends”).

Verb

dún (present analytic dúnann, future analytic dúnfaidh, verbal noun dúnadh, past participle dúnta)

(transitive, intransitive) close, shut
Synonym: (Ulster) druid
(transitive, intransitive) draw together; secure, fasten

Conjugation

conjugation of dún (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third	relative	autonomous
indicative	present	dúnaim	dúnann tú; dúnair^†	dúnann sé, sí	dúnaimid	dúnann sibh	dúnann siad; dúnaid^†	a dhúnann; a dhúnas / a ndúnann*	dúntar
	past	dhún mé; dhúnas	dhún tú; dhúnais	dhún sé, sí	dhúnamar; dhún muid	dhún sibh; dhúnabhair	dhún siad; dhúnadar	a dhún / ar dhún*	dúnadh
	past habitual	dhúnainn / ndúnainn‡‡	dhúntá / ndúntá‡‡	dhúnadh sé, sí / ndúnadh sé, sí‡‡	dhúnaimis; dhúnadh muid / ndúnaimis‡‡; ndúnadh muid‡‡	dhúnadh sibh / ndúnadh sibh‡‡	dhúnaidís; dhúnadh siad / ndúnaidís‡‡; ndúnadh siad‡‡	a dhúnadh / a ndúnadh*	dhúntaí / ndúntaí‡‡
future		dúnfaidh mé; dúnfad	dúnfaidh tú; dúnfair^†	dúnfaidh sé, sí	dúnfaimid; dúnfaidh muid	dúnfaidh sibh	dúnfaidh siad; dúnfaid^†	a dhúnfaidh; a dhúnfas / a ndúnfaidh*	dúnfar
conditional		dhúnfainn / ndúnfainn‡‡	dhúnfá / ndúnfá‡‡	dhúnfadh sé, sí / ndúnfadh sé, sí‡‡	dhúnfaimis; dhúnfadh muid / ndúnfaimis‡‡; ndúnfadh muid‡‡	dhúnfadh sibh / ndúnfadh sibh‡‡	dhúnfaidís; dhúnfadh siad / ndúnfaidís‡‡; ndúnfadh siad‡‡	a dhúnfadh / a ndúnfadh*	dhúnfaí / ndúnfaí‡‡
subjunctive	present	go ndúna mé; go ndúnad^†	go ndúna tú; go ndúnair^†	go ndúna sé, sí	go ndúnaimid; go ndúna muid	go ndúna sibh	go ndúna siad; go ndúnaid^†	—	go ndúntar
subjunctive	past	dá ndúnainn	dá ndúntá	dá ndúnadh sé, sí	dá ndúnaimis; dá ndúnadh muid	dá ndúnadh sibh	dá ndúnaidís; dá ndúnadh siad	—	dá ndúntaí
imperative		dúnaim	dún	dúnadh sé, sí	dúnaimis	dúnaigí; dúnaidh^†	dúnaidís	—	dúntar
verbal noun		dúnadh
past participle		dúnta

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Alternative forms

dúin (Cois Fharraige)

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
dún	dhún	ndún
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“stronghold”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [duːn]

Noun

dún n (genitive dúin or dúine, nominative plural dúna or dúine)

Inflection

Neuter o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	dún^N	dún^N	dún^L, dúna
Vocative	dún^N	dún^N	dún^L, dúna
Accusative	dún^N	dún^N	dún^L, dúna
Genitive	dúin^L	dún	dún^N
Dative	dún^L	dúnaib	dúnaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: ^H = triggers aspiration ^L = triggers lenition ^N = triggers nasalization

Neuter s-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	dún^N	dún^N	dúine^L
Vocative	dún^N	dún^N	dúine^L
Accusative	dún^N	dún^N	dúine^L
Genitive	dúine^L	dúine	dúine^N
Dative	dúin^L	dúinib	dúinib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: ^H = triggers aspiration ^L = triggers lenition ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

Irish: dún
Manx: doon
Scottish Gaelic: dùn

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [duːn͈]

Pronoun

dún

Alternative spelling of dúnn
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 56^a18
  ind roisc du·n-écomnacht-su dún, a Dǽ
  of the eye that you sg have given (to) us, O God

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
dún	dún pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/	ndún
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

West Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian *dūn, dūne, borrowed from Middle Dutch dune, from Old Dutch dūn, dūno, from Proto-West Germanic *dūnā.

Noun

dún c (plural dunen, diminutive dúntsje)

dune

dún

Contents

Icelandic

Noun

Irish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Verb

Conjugation

Alternative forms

Mutation

Further reading

Old Irish

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Inflection

Descendants

Further reading

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Mutation

West Frisian

Etymology

Noun

Further reading