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  1. Wiktionary
  2. 散る
散る
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
散
ち
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Kojiki, completed 712 CE.

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (Tokyo) ちる [chìrú] (Heiban – [0])[3][4][2]
  • IPA(key): [t͡ɕiɾɯ̟]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「散る」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
散る ちる [chìrú]
Imperative (命令形) 散れ ちれ [chìré]
Key constructions
Passive 散られる ちられる [chìrárérú]
Causative 散らせる ちらせる [chìrásérú]
Potential - - -
Volitional 散ろう ちろー [chìróꜜò]
Negative 散らない ちらない [chìránáí]
Negative perfective 散らなかった ちらなかった [chìránáꜜkàttà]
Formal 散ります ちります [chìrímáꜜsù]
Perfective 散った ちった [chìttá]
Conjunctive 散って ちって [chìtté]
Hypothetical conditional 散れば ちれば [chìréꜜbà]
  • (Kyoto) ちる [chírú] (Kōki – [0])[2]

Verb

[edit]

散(ち)る • (chiru) intransitive godan (stem 散(ち)り (chiri), past 散(ち)った (chitta))

Japanese verb pair
active 散(ち)らす
mediopassive 散(ち)る
  1. to become separated and scatter, such as leaves or blossoms
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 798:
      伊毛何美斯 阿布知乃波那波 知利奴倍斯 和何那久那美多 伊摩陀飛那久尓
      いもがみし あふちのはなは ちりぬべし わがなくなみた いまだひなくに
      imo ga mi shi afuchi no hana wa chirinu beshi wa ga naku namita ima da hi naku ni
Conjugation
[edit]
Conjugation of "散る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 散ら ちら chira
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 散り ちり chiri
Shūshikei ("terminal") 散る ちる chiru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 散る ちる chiru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 散れ ちれ chire
Meireikei ("imperative") 散れ ちれ chire
Key constructions
Passive 散られる ちられる chirareru
Causative 散らせる
散らす
ちらせる
ちらす
chiraseru
chirasu
Potential 散れる ちれる chireru
Volitional 散ろう ちろう chirō
Negative 散らない ちらない chiranai
Negative continuative 散らず ちらず chirazu
Formal 散ります ちります chirimasu
Perfective 散った ちった chitta
Conjunctive 散って ちって chitte
Hypothetical conditional 散れば ちれば chireba
Classical conjugation of "散る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 散ら ちら tira
Continuative (連用形) 散り ちり tiri
Terminal (終止形) 散る ちる tiru
Attributive (連体形) 散る ちる tiru
Realis (已然形) 散れ ちれ tire
Imperative (命令形) 散れ ちれ tire
Key constructions
Negative 散らず ちらず tirazu
Contrasting conjunction 散れど ちれど tiredo
Causal conjunction 散れば ちれば tireba
Conditional conjunction 散らば ちらば tiraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 散りき ちりき tiriki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 散りけり ちりけり tirikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 散りつ ちりつ tiritu
Perfect tense (natural event) 散りぬ ちりぬ tirinu
Perfect-continuative tense 散れり
散りたり
ちれり
ちりたり
tireri
tiritari
Volitional 散らむ ちらむ tiramu
Extended conjugation of chiru "散る" (Class: godan "pentagrade")
(See Appendix:Japanese verbs and Japanese conjugation)
Ren’yōkei ("continuative form") 散り [chiri]
Rentaikei ("attributive form") 散る [chiru]
Positive Negative
Conjunctive (te-form) 散って [chitte] 散らないで [chiranai de]
散らなくて [chiranakute]
Non-past / Imperfective
Positive Negative
Plain 散る [chiru] 散らない [chiranai]
Polite 散ります [chirimasu] 散りません [chirimasen]
Past / Perfective
Positive Negative
Plain 散った [chitta] 散らなかった [chiranakatta]
Polite 散りました [chirimashita] 散りませんでした [chirimasen deshita]
Passive
Verb stem 散られ [chirare]
Positive Negative
Plain 散られる [chirareru] 散られない [chirarenai]
Polite 散られます [chiraremasu] 散られません [chiraremasen]
Past 散られた [chirareta] 散られなかった [chirarenakatta]
Polite past 散られました [chiraremashita] 散られませんでした [chiraremasen deshita]
Causative
Verb stem 散らせ [chirase]
Positive Negative
Plain 散らせる [chiraseru]
short form: 散らす [chirasu]
散らせない [chirasenai]
Polite 散らせます [chirasemasu] 散らせません [chirasemasen]
Past 散らせた [chiraseta] 散らせなかった [chirasenakatta]
Polite past 散らせました [chirasemashita] 散らせませんでした [chirasemasen deshita]
Potential
Verb stem 散れ [chire]
Positive Negative
Plain 散れる [chireru] 散れない [chirenai]
Polite 散れます [chiremasu] 散れません [chiremasen]
Past 散れた [chireta] 散れなかった [chirenakatta]
Polite past 散れました [chiremashita] 散れませんでした [chiremasen deshita]
Imperative
Positive Negative
Meireikei / Firm instruction 散れ [chire] —
Other imperative constructions
Positive Negative
Polite request 散ってください [chitte kudasai] 散らないでください [chiranai de kudasai]
-nasai form 散りなさい [chirinasai] —
Prohibitive / Do not 〜 — 散るな [chiru na]
Volitional / Presumptive
Positive Negative
Plain 散ろう [chirō] —
Polite 散りましょう [chirimashō] —
Conditional
Positive Negative
Hypothetical / Provisional 散れば [chireba] 散らなければ [chiranakereba]
colloquial: 散らなきゃ [chiranakya]
-tara form 散ったら [chittara] 散らなかったら [chiranakattara]
Causative passive
Verb stem standard: 散らせられ [chiraserare]
colloquial: 散らされ [chirasare] ¹
Positive Negative
Plain 散らせられる [chiraserareru]
散らされる [chirasareru]
散らせられない [chiraserarenai]
散らされない [chirasarenai]
Polite 散らせられます [chiraseraremasu]
散らされます [chirasaremasu]
散らせられません [chiraseraremasen]
散らされません [chirasaremasen]
Past 散らせられた [chiraserareta]
散らされた [chirasareta]
散らせられなかった [chiraserarenakatta]
散らされなかった [chirasarenakatta]
Polite past 散らせられました [chiraseraremashita]
散らされました [chirasaremashita]
散らせられませんでした [chiraseraremasen deshita]
散らされませんでした [chirasaremasen deshita]
Desiderative (-tai form)
Positive Negative
Plain 散りたい [chiritai] 散りたくない [chiritaku nai]
For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection.
Progressive action and current state (-te iru form)
Positive Negative
Plain 散っている [chitte iru]
contraction: 散ってる [chitteru]
散っていない [chitte inai]
contraction: 散ってない [chittenai]
Polite 散っています [chitte imasu] 散っていません [chitte imasen]
Past 散っていた [chitte ita] 散っていなかった [chitte inakatta]
Polite past 散っていました [chitte imashita] 散っていませんでした [chitte imasen deshita]
Other forms and constructions
Archaic or classical negative 散らぬ [chiranu] ²
Archaic attributive negative
Colloquial or dialectal -ん negative 散らん [chiran]
Negative continuative 散らず [chirazu] ²
(〜に): without 〜ing
Representative / Listing examples 散ったり [chittari]
¹ In everyday speech, せら is shortened into さ in the causative passive forms of godan verbs: 散らせられる → 散らされる.
² Archaic form, now mostly used in set phrases, written language and formal speech.
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (fall): 落(お)ちる (ochiru)
  • (fall): 落下(らっか)する (rakka suru)
Derived terms
[edit]
  • 散(ち)り (chiri), 散(ちり) (chiri): (construction) a misalignment between two adjoining surfaces
  • 塵(ちり) (chiri): dust; trash
  • 散(ち)らす (chirasu): to scatter or disperse something; to distract or divert attention
  • 散(ち)らし (chirashi): a flier, a handbill
  • 散(ち)らし寿司(ずし) (chirashizushi): chirashi sushi: sushi topped with various ingredients
  • 砕(くだ)け散(ち)る (kudakechiru): to be smashed up, to break to pieces

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
散
あ
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
離る

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Kojiki, completed 712 CE. Currently obsolete.

Cognate with 荒い (arai, “rough, harsh”), 荒れる (areru, “to become wild, rough, unkempt, dilapidated; to be violent, crazy, wild, disordered”).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • IPA(key): [a̠ɾɯ̟]

Verb

[edit]

散(あ)る • (aru) intransitive †nidan

  1. (obsolete) to become scattered
  2. (obsolete) to become distant, to fade away, to wane
Conjugation
[edit]
Classical conjugation of "散る" (ラ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 散れ あれ are
Continuative (連用形) 散れ あれ are
Terminal (終止形) 散る ある aru
Attributive (連体形) 散るる あるる aruru
Realis (已然形) 散るれ あるれ arure
Imperative (命令形) 散れよ あれよ areyo
Key constructions
Negative 散れず あれず arezu
Contrasting conjunction 散るれど あるれど aruredo
Causal conjunction 散るれば あるれば arureba
Conditional conjunction 散れば あれば areba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 散れき あれき areki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 散れけり あれけり arekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 散れつ あれつ aretu
Perfect tense (natural event) 散れぬ あれぬ arenu
Perfect-continuative tense 散れたり あれたり aretari
Volitional 散れむ あれむ aremu

Etymology 3

[edit]
Kanji in this term
散
あか
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
別る

From Old Japanese.[1] Appears in the Kagerō Nikki, dated 974 CE. Currently obsolete.

Plural counterpart to 分かる (wakaru, “one thing separates from another”), implying more a sense of scatter (as of many things). Intransitive counterpart to 散つ (akatsu, “to separate or scatter multiple things”), itself the plural counterpart to 分かつ (wakatsu, “to separate one thing from another”). Compare underlying root verbs aku (明く, 開く, 空く: "to open, to spread, to empty") and waku (分く, 別く: "to split, to divide").

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (Tokyo) あかる [àkáꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])[5]
  • IPA(key): [a̠ka̠ɾɯ̟]

Verb

[edit]

散(あか)る • (akaru) intransitive †nidan

  1. (obsolete) to scatter, to become dispersed
Conjugation
[edit]
Classical conjugation of "散る" (ラ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 散れ あかれ akare
Continuative (連用形) 散れ あかれ akare
Terminal (終止形) 散る あかる akaru
Attributive (連体形) 散るる あかるる akaruru
Realis (已然形) 散るれ あかるれ akarure
Imperative (命令形) 散れよ あかれよ akareyo
Key constructions
Negative 散れず あかれず akarezu
Contrasting conjunction 散るれど あかるれど akaruredo
Causal conjunction 散るれば あかるれば akarureba
Conditional conjunction 散れば あかれば akareba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 散れき あかれき akareki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 散れけり あかれけり akarekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 散れつ あかれつ akaretu
Perfect tense (natural event) 散れぬ あかれぬ akarenu
Perfect-continuative tense 散れたり あかれたり akaretari
Volitional 散れむ あかれむ akaremu

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 “ち・る 【散】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  5. ^ “あか・る 【散・別】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
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