希望

Chinese

		to hope; rare; infrequent	hope; expect; to visit hope; expect; to visit; to gaze (into the distance); look towards; towards
trad. (希望)		希	望
simp. ^#(希望)		希	望

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xīwàng

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄨㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hei¹ mong⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hî-mong
Eastern Min (BUC): hĭ-uông
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hi-bāng / hi-bōng

(Teochew, Peng'im): hi¹ mo⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹shi-maon

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xīwàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄨㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siwàng
  - Wade–Giles: hsi¹-wang⁴
  - Yale: syī-wàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiwanq
  - Palladius: сиван (sivan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵⁵ wɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hei¹ mong⁶
  - Yale: hēi mohng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hei¹ mong⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: héi¹ mong⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei̯⁵⁵ mɔːŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hî-mong
  - Hakka Romanization System: hi^ˊ mong
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hi¹ mong⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /hi²⁴⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hĭ-uông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hi⁵⁵⁻⁵³ uɔŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-bāng
  - Tâi-lô: hi-bāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hi'bang
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hi⁴⁴⁻³³ baŋ³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hi³³ baŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hi⁴⁴⁻²² baŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-bōng
  - Tâi-lô: hi-bōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hi'bong
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hi³³ bɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hi⁴⁴⁻³³ bɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hi⁴⁴⁻²² bɔŋ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hi¹ mo⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hi mō
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hi³³⁻²³ mo¹¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹shi-maon
  - MiniDict: shi^平 maon
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹xi-maan
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕi⁵⁵ mɑ̃²¹/

Middle Chinese: xj+j mjang|mjangH

Rime
Character	希	望	望
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	明 (4)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	微 (20)	陽 (106)	陽 (106)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	III	III	III
Fanqie	香衣切	武方切	巫放切
Baxter	xj+j	mjang	mjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨi/	/mʉɐŋ/	/mʉɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/hɨi/	/mʷiɐŋ/	/mʷiɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/xiəi/	/miuɑŋ/	/miuɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨj/	/muaŋ/	/muaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/xiəi/	/miuaŋ/	/miuaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/xĭəi/	/mĭwaŋ/	/mĭwaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/xe̯i/	/miwaŋ/	/miwaŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xī	wáng	wàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hei¹	mong⁴	mong⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰəj maŋ|maŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*hlɯl maŋ|maŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	希	望	望
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xī	wàng	wàng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjɨj ›	‹ mjang ›	‹ mjang^H ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰəj/	/*maŋ/	/*maŋ-s/
English	thin, sparse	look at from a distance	look at from a distance
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	希	望	望
Reading #	1/1	1/2	2/2
No.	13250	12667	12686
Phonetic component	希	亡	亡
Rime group	微	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	1	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	希	亡	妄
Old Chinese	/*hlɯl/	/*maŋ/	/*maŋs/

Noun

希望

hope; wish (feeling of desire for something to happen)
希望工程 ― xīwàng gōngchéng ― Project Hope

所有的希望都破滅了。 [MSC, trad.]
所有的希望都破灭了。 [MSC, simp.]
Suǒyǒu de xīwàng dōu pòmiè le. [Pinyin]
All hope was lost.
hope (a person or thing that may help someone)
你是我唯一的希望。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
Nǐ shì wǒ wéiyī de xīwàng. [Pinyin]
You are my only hope.

我看不到希望，找不到出路。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
Wǒ kàn bù dào xīwàng, zhǎo bù dào chūlù. [Pinyin]
I can't see any hope — and I can't find a way out.

Synonyms

(hope):

edit

希冀 (xījì) (literary)
心願／心愿 (xīnyuàn)
志意 (zhìyì) (literary)
志願／志愿 (zhìyuàn)
想兒／想儿 (xiǎngr) (Beijing Mandarin)
意願／意愿 (yìyuàn)
慾望／欲望 (yùwàng)
指望 (zhǐwàng)
期冀 (qījì) (literary)
期望 (qīwàng)
祈願／祈愿 (qíyuàn)
願／愿 (yuàn)
願望／愿望 (yuànwàng)

Verb

希望

to hope; to wish
希望你明天能來。 [MSC, trad.]
希望你明天能来。 [MSC, simp.]
Xīwàng nǐ míngtiān néng lái. [Pinyin]
I hope you can come tomorrow.

希望沒有讓您等太久。 [MSC, trad.]
希望没有让您等太久。 [MSC, simp.]
Xīwàng méiyǒu ràng nín děng tài jiǔ. [Pinyin]
I hope I didn't make you wait too long.

希望你一切都好。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
Xīwàng nǐ yīqiè dōu hǎo. [Pinyin]
Wish you all the best.

希望你能早點好。 [MSC, trad.]
希望你能早点好。 [MSC, simp.]
Xīwàng nǐ néng zǎodiǎn hǎo. [Pinyin]
Get well soon.

她希望能夠在學術史上留名。 [MSC, trad.]
她希望能够在学术史上留名。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā xīwàng nénggòu zài xuéshùshǐ shàng liúmíng. [Pinyin]
She hopes to be able to make a name for herself in the history of scholarship.
(literary) to look up
(literary) to cater to

Synonyms

(to hope):

edit

企待 (qǐdài) (literary)
企望 (qǐwàng)
企盼 (qǐpàn)
冀望 (jìwàng) (literary)
向望 (ǹg-bāng) (Hokkien)
夢想／梦想 (mèngxiǎng)
寄望 (jìwàng)
巴望 (bāwàng) (regional)
希冀 (xījì) (literary)
幸 (xìng) (literary)
引領／引领 (yǐnlǐng) (literary)
思 (literary, or in compounds)
想望 (xion² von³) (Jin)
承望 (chéngwàng)
指望 (zhǐwàng)
期冀 (qījì) (literary)
期待 (qīdài)
期望 (qīwàng)
渴望 (kěwàng)
盼 (pàn)
盼望 (pànwàng)
願／愿 (yuàn)
願意／愿意 (yuànyì)
鵠望／鹄望 (húwàng) (literary)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (希望):

→ Japanese: 希(き)望(ぼう) (kibō)
→ Korean: 희망(希望) (huimang)
→ Vietnamese: hi vọng (希望)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
希	望
き Grade: 4	ぼう Grade: 4
kan'on

Alternative spelling
冀望 (rare)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) きぼー [kìbóó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [kʲibo̞ː]
Audio: (file)

Noun

希(き)望(ぼう) • (kibō) ^{←きばう (kibau)^?}

hope (expectations)
希望(きぼう)を失(うしな)う ― kibō o ushinau ― to lose hope

希望(きぼう)を与(あた)える ― kibō o ataeru ― to give someone hope
wish; hope; desire
Synonyms: 願い (negai), 望み (nozomi)

希望(きぼう)が叶(かな)う ― kibō ga kanau ― a wish comes true
(with ordinals (第)) that which one hopes for
第一(だいいち)希望(きぼう)の大学(だいがく)
dai-ichi kibō no daigaku
first choice for university

Verb

希(き)望(ぼう)する • (kibō suru) ^{←きばう (kibau)^?}transitive suru (stem 希(き)望(ぼう)し (kibō shi), past 希(き)望(ぼう)した (kibō shita))

to wish for; to hope for
参加(さんか)を希望(きぼう)します。
Sanka o kibō shimasu.
I hope for your participation.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "希望する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	希望し	きぼうし	kibō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	希望し	きぼうし	kibō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	希望する	きぼうする	kibō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	希望する	きぼうする	kibō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	希望すれ	きぼうすれ	kibō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	希望せよ¹ 希望しろ²	きぼうせよ¹ きぼうしろ²	kibō seyo¹ kibō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	希望される	きぼうされる	kibō sareru
Causative	希望させる希望さす	きぼうさせるきぼうさす	kibō saseru kibō sasu
Potential	希望できる	きぼうできる	kibō dekiru
Volitional	希望しよう	きぼうしよう	kibō shiyō
Negative	希望しない	きぼうしない	kibō shinai
Negative continuative	希望せず	きぼうせず	kibō sezu
Formal	希望します	きぼうします	kibō shimasu
Perfective	希望した	きぼうした	kibō shita
Conjunctive	希望して	きぼうして	kibō shite
Hypothetical conditional	希望すれば	きぼうすれば	kibō sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Derived terms

キボンヌ (kibonnu)

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Etymology 2

Various nanori and irregular readings.

Proper noun

Kanji in this term
希	望
き Grade: 4	ぼう Grade: 4
on'yomi

Kanji in this term
希	望
き Grade: 4	み Grade: 4
on'yomi	nanori

Kanji in this term
希	望
のぞ Grade: 4	み Grade: 4
nanori

希(き)望(ぼう) or 希(き)望(み) or 希望(きらり) or 希望(なるみ) or 希(のぞ)望(み) or 希望(のの) or 希望(ゆめ) • (Kibō or Kimi or Kirari or Narumi or Nozomi or Nono or Yume)

a female given name

希望(のぞむ) • (Nozomu)

a male given name

Korean

Hanja in this term
希	望

Noun

希望 • (huimang) (hangeul 희망)

hanja form^? of 희망 (“hope”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
希	望

Noun

希望

chữ Hán form of hi vọng (“hope”).

Verb

希望

chữ Hán form of hi vọng (“to hope”).

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]