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天災

天災

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See also: 天灾

Chinese

		day; sky; heaven	disaster; calamity
trad. (天災)		天	災
simp. (天灾)		天	灾

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tiānzāi

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢㄗㄞ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tin¹ zoi¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): thian-chai

(Teochew, Peng'im): tiang¹ zai¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tiānzāi
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢㄗㄞ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tianzai
  - Wade–Giles: tʻien¹-tsai¹
  - Yale: tyān-dzāi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tiantzai
  - Palladius: тяньцзай (tjanʹczaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡saɪ̯⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: tin¹ zoi¹
  - Yale: tīn jōi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tin¹ dzoi¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: tin¹ zoi¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɔːi̯⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thian-chai
  - Tâi-lô: thian-tsai
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tienzay
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ t͡sai³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sai⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sai⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tiang¹ zai¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiang tsai
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sai³³/

Middle Chinese: then tsoj

Rime
Character	天	災
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	先 (85)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	I
Fanqie	他前切	祖才切
Baxter	then	tsoj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰen/	/t͡sʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰen/	/t͡səi/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɛn/	/t͡sɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɛn/	/t͡səj/
Li Rong	/tʰen/	/t͡sᴀi/
Wang Li	/tʰien/	/t͡sɒi/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰien/	/t͡sɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tiān	zāi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tin¹	zoi¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤi[n]|l̥ˤi[n] [ts]ˤə/

(Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn ʔslɯː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	天	天	災
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tiān	xiān	zāi
Middle Chinese	‹ then ›	‹ xen ›	‹ tsoj ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ˁi[n]/	/l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time xˁ- > MC x-)	/*[ts]ˁə/
English	heaven	heaven	calamity
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	天	災
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12387	16487
Phonetic component	天	災
Rime group	眞	之
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	天	烖
Old Chinese	/*qʰl'iːn/	/*ʔslɯː/
Notes		烖籀文

Noun

天災

natural disaster; act of God (Classifier: 場／场; 次; 種／种)

Synonyms

亂兒／乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
人禍／人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
劫煞 (Hokkien)
劫難／劫难 (jiénàn)
厄 (literary, or in compounds)
大禍／大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
大難／大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
奇禍／奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
巨禍／巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
慘事／惨事 (cǎnshì)
慘劇／惨剧 (cǎnjù)
慘禍／惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
沙𧐔 (sua¹ sab⁴) (Teochew)
浩劫 (hàojié)
災／灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
災劫／灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
災厄／灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
災害／灾害 (zāihài)
災殃／灾殃 (zāiyāng)
災禍／灾祸 (zāihuò)
災變／灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
災難／灾难 (zāinàn)
癰疽／痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
禍／祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
禍事／祸事 (huòshì)
禍害／祸害 (huòhài)
禍息／祸息 (ho⁵ si⁶) (Xiang)
禍患／祸患 (huòhuàn)
禍殃／祸殃 (huòyāng)

Derived terms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (天災):

→ Japanese: 天災(てんさい) (tensai)
→ Korean: 천재(天災) (cheonjae)
→ Vietnamese: thiên tai (天災)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
天	災
てん Grade: 1	さい Grade: 5
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) てんさい [tèńsáí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [tẽ̞ɰ̃sa̠i]

Noun

天(てん)災(さい) • (tensai)

natural disaster
- 2015 September 14, Kaori Shoji, “When disaster strikes in Japan, keep calm and carry a diaper”, in The Japan Times‎^[1], retrieved 2023-04-11:
  The Japanese disaster comes in many forms, and saigai include tensai (天災, literally, heaven-sent disasters — i.e., natural ones) [...]

Derived terms

天災地変(てんさいちへん) (tensaichihen)

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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