na-
Azerbaijani
Cyrillic | на- | |
---|---|---|
Abjad | ناـ |
Etymology
Borrowed from Persian ناـ (nâ-).
Pronunciation
Prefix
na- (rarely productive)
Derived terms
Big Nambas
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Oceanic *na
Article
na-
- The noun article. Added to nouns and verb stems to affirm nominal use. Has an element of definiteness. Also used in derivation.
Derived terms
References
- Big Nambas Grammar Pacific Linguistics - G.J. Fox
Chichewa
Pronunciation
Prefix
ná-
- Prefixed to a traditional Chewa clan name to denote a woman belonging to that clan.
Curripaco
Prefix
na-
- third person plural agent marker
References
- Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN, page 398
Czech
Etymology
From na.
Prefix
na-
- a prefix, often used where English would use a phrasal verb with on
- (as an imperfective verb) (often used with se) intensification: added to mean a lot
- na- + představovat se (“present onself”) → napředstavovat se (“present oneself many times”)
Derived terms
Further reading
- na- in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
Dutch
Etymology
Derived from the preposition na
Pronunciation
Audio: (file)
Prefix
na-
Antonyms
Derived terms
Gunwinggu
Pronunciation
Prefix
na-
- male prefix added onto human words.
Related terms
References
- Steven and Narelle Etherington, Kunwinjku Kunwok: A Short Introduction to Kunwinjku Language and Society (third edition, 1998)
Ilocano
Prefix
na- (Kur-itan spelling ᜈ)
Derived terms
Kambera
Pronoun
na-
- third person singular nominative proclitic
See also
Makasar
Pronunciation
Pronoun
na- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨊ)
See also
Mwotlap
Etymology
From Proto-Torres-Banks *na, from Proto-Oceanic *na (“noun article”)
Article
na-
Morphophonology
- When followed by a noun starting with a vowel, the vowel of na- is elided:
- When followed by a noun starting with a single consonant, na- normally changes its vowel to a clone of the vowel in the next syllable:
- When followed by a noun starting with two underlying consonants, na- normally remains unchanged:
Semantics
- General determiner; does not encode definiteness.
- Forms the determinate form of most nouns.
- For [+human] referents, the number value is singular, contrasting with dual yoge, trial tēlge, plural ige.
- nalqōvēn (“a woman”)
- — opp. yoge lōqōvēn (“two women”), tēlge lōqōvēn (“three women”), ige lōqōvēn (“women”).
- For [-human] referents, the number value of the article is unspecified.
References
- François, Alexandre. 2005. A typological overview of Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu. Linguistic typology 9 (1): 115–146. DOI:10.1515/lity.2005.9.1.115.
- François, Alexandre. 2007. Noun articles in Torres and Banks languages: Conservation and innovation. In Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (eds.), Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley, 313–326. (Creole Language Library 30) Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Old Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na-.
Pronunciation
Prefix
na-
- added to verbs to make them perfective
- added to verbs to mean onto
- added to verbs to with various meanings
Derived terms
Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Old Polish na-. Doublet of ana-.
Pronunciation
Prefix
na-
- added to verbs to make them perfective
- added to verbs to mean onto
- added to verbs to with various meanings
Derived terms
Slovene
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *na-. Prefixed form of the preposition na.
Pronunciation
Prefix
na-
- Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:
- (no change in meaning)
- onto, into
- a little, to begin to
- enough of, a sufficient amount of
- (reflexive) excessively, thoroughly
Derived terms
Swahili
Prefix
na-
Tagalog
Pronunciation
- (Standard Tagalog)
- Syllabification: na-
Prefix
na- (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)
- used to form complete aspects of verbs prefixed with ma-
Prefix
ná- (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)
Usage notes
- The dialectal prefix, when written, is generally a source of confusion and mockery for the majority of Tagalog speakers, but the two actually differ by pronunciation. The na-, where it indicates a perfective aspect, is pronounced without stress, while the na- prefix, where it indicates a progressive aspect in some dialects, is pronounced with stress.
- Nakain siya ng isda.
- He/She happened to be eaten by the fish.
- Nákain siya ng isda.
- He/She is eating fish.
Derived terms
Ternate
Pronoun
na-
- first-person plural inclusive possessive prefix, our
- Synonym: nga-
- second-person plural possessive prefix, your
- Synonym: nia-
- (human) third-person plural possessive prefix, their
- Synonym: nga-
See also
independent | subject proclitic | possessive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Informal | Formal | |||||
1st person singular | ngori | fangarem, fajaruf | to | ri | ||
2nd person singular | ngana | ngoni, jou ngoni | no | ni | ||
3rd person singular | unam, minaf | om, mof, inh | im, mif, manh | |||
1st person plural inclusive | ngone | fo | na, nga | |||
1st person plural exclusive | ngomi | fangare ngomim, fajaru ngomif, fara ngomi1 | mi | mi, mia | ||
2nd person plural | ngoni | ni | na, nia | |||
3rd person plural | anah, enanh | ih, nh, yoh, †, yanh, † | nah, ngah, manh |
- unmarked pronouns are gender non-specific
- m - masculine, f - feminine, h - human, nh - non-human
- 1 - for mixed-gender groups
- † - archaic
References
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
Turkish
Etymology
Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ناـ (nâ-), from Persian ناـ (nâ-).
Prefix
na- (rarely productive)
Derived terms
West Makian
Etymology 1
Cognate with Ternate na- (“our”).
Pronunciation
Pronoun
na-
- first-person plural inclusive possessive prefix, our
Usage notes
The possessive prefix na- is subject to West Makian vowel harmony, and as such may surface as ne-, ni-, or no-.
Alternative forms
See also
independent | possessive prefix | |
---|---|---|
1st person singular | de | ti |
2nd person singular | ni | ni |
3rd person singular | me | mVan., dVinan. |
1st person plural inclusive | ene | nV |
1st person plural exclusive | imi | mi |
2nd person plural | ini | fi |
3rd person plural | eme | di |
- V indicates the expected assimilated vowel of the following noun, following standard West Makian vowel harmony.
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
Pronoun
na-
- second-person singular clitic, you
- noco ― you see
Usage notes
The prefix na- follows West Makian vowel harmony, and as such may surface as ne-, ni-, no-, or nu-.
Alternative forms
References
- Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours[1], Pacific linguistics
Xhosa
Preposition
na-
Conjunction
na-
- and (joining individual words)
Zulu
Pronunciation
Preposition
na-
Usage notes
The meaning "have" can be analysed more literally as "to be with". In the negative, a- is prefixed to the subject concord, and the initial vowel of the noun prefix is dropped:
- Nginekati. ― I have a cat.
- Anginakati. ― I don't have a cat.
Conjunction
na-
- and (joining individual words)
- Synonym: futhi
- also, too
- Synonym: futhi
- even (implying an extreme example)
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “na-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “na-”
- Azerbaijani terms borrowed from Persian
- Azerbaijani terms derived from Persian
- Azerbaijani terms with IPA pronunciation
- Azerbaijani lemmas
- Azerbaijani prefixes
- Big Nambas terms inherited from Proto-Oceanic
- Big Nambas terms derived from Proto-Oceanic
- Big Nambas lemmas
- Big Nambas articles
- Chichewa terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chichewa lemmas
- Chichewa prefixes
- Curripaco lemmas
- Curripaco prefixes
- Czech lemmas
- Czech prefixes
- Dutch terms with audio links
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch prefixes
- Gunwinggu terms with IPA pronunciation
- Gunwinggu lemmas
- Gunwinggu prefixes
- Ilocano lemmas
- Ilocano prefixes
- Ilocano terms with Kur-itan script
- Kambera lemmas
- Kambera pronouns
- Kambera pronominal clitics
- Makasar terms with IPA pronunciation
- Makasar lemmas
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- Mwotlap terms inherited from Proto-Oceanic
- Mwotlap terms derived from Proto-Oceanic
- Mwotlap articles
- Mwotlap lemmas
- Mwotlap terms prefixed with na-
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish prefixes
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish doublets
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- Slovene terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
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- Tagalog 1-syllable words
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- Ternate lemmas
- Ternate pronouns
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- Turkish terms inherited from Ottoman Turkish
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- Turkish lemmas
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- West Makian terms with IPA pronunciation
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- West Makian terms with usage examples
- Xhosa lemmas
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- Zulu terms with IPA pronunciation
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