硬

See also: 峺

硬	U+786C, 硬 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-786C

← 硫
[U+786B]

CJK Unified Ideographs

硭 →
[U+786D]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

硬 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一口一中大 (MRMLK), four-corner 1164₆, composition ⿰石更)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 831, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24230
Dae Jaweon: page 1247, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2432, character 6
Unihan data for U+786C

Chinese

simp. and trad.		硬
alternative forms		鞕

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (丙) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
更	kraːŋ, kraːŋs
粳	*kraːŋ
埂	kraːŋ, kraːŋʔ
浭	*kraːŋ
稉	*kraːŋ
梗	*kraːŋʔ
哽	*kraːŋʔ
綆	*kraːŋʔ
鯁	*kraːŋʔ
挭	*kraːŋʔ
骾	*kraːŋʔ
郠	*kraːŋʔ
硬	ŋɡraːŋs, ŋɡraːŋs
鞕	*ŋɡraːŋs
丙	*pqraŋʔ
炳	*praŋʔ
邴	praŋʔ, praŋs
怲	praŋʔ, praŋs
苪	*praŋʔ
蛃	*praŋʔ
昺	*praŋʔ
昞	*praŋʔ
窉	*praŋʔ
柄	praŋʔ, praŋs
鈵	*praŋs
寎	*praŋs
病	*braŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡraːŋs, *ŋɡraːŋs) : semantic 石 + phonetic 更 (OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yìng (ying⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄥˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngen⁴

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): ēn

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): нин (nin, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngaang⁶ / ngaang^6-2

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngang⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): ngang⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngang

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngang⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): ning³
Northern Min (KCR): ngāing
Eastern Min (BUC): ngâing
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ngī / ngǐ / ngēe / ngē / gēng / gěng

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngên⁶

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): nge⁶ / ngeng⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶ngan
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ngen⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yìng
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yìng
  - Wade–Giles: ying⁴
  - Yale: yìng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yinq
  - Palladius: ин (in)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ngen⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngen
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋən²¹³/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin: ēn
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): en⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ə̃⁴⁴/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: нин (nin, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niŋ⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: ngaang⁶ / ngaang^6-2
  - Yale: ngaahng / ngáang
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaang⁶ / ngaang^6-2
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngang⁶ / ngang^6-2
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːŋ²²/, /ŋaːŋ²²⁻³⁵/

Note: ngaang6-2 - alternative pronunciation for "certainly".

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngang⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡaŋ³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: ngang⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaŋ¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngang
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngang
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngang⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngang⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋaŋ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ning³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /niŋ⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngāing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaiŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngâing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaiŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngī
  - Tâi-lô: ngī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ngi
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /ŋĩ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ŋĩ³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngǐ
  - Tâi-lô: ngǐ
  - IPA (Lukang): /ŋĩ³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋĩ²²/
  - IPA (Philippines): /ŋi³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngēe
  - Tâi-lô: ngēe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋɛ̃²²/
  - IPA (Penang): /ŋɛ²¹/
  - IPA (Singapore): /ŋɛ²²/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngē
  - Tâi-lô: ngē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: nge
  - IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /ŋẽ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gēng
  - Tâi-lô: gīng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: geng
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiɪŋ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡiɪŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gěng
  - Tâi-lô: gǐng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɪŋ²²/

Note:

ngī/ngǐ/ngēe/ngē - vernacular;
gēng/gěng - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngên⁶
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngĕⁿ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋẽ³⁵/
(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: nge⁶ / ngeng⁷
- Sinological IPA: /ŋɛ³³/, /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

nge6 - vernacular;
ngeng7 - literary.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶ngan
  - MiniDict: ngan^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³ngan
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋã²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ngen⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋən²¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 硬
Mandarin	Beijing	/iŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/iŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/iŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/iŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/iŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/əŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/niŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/ȵiə̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/iŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ȵĩn¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ȵiŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ŋən³⁵/
	Chengdu	/ŋən¹³/
	Guiyang	/ŋen²¹³/ /in²¹³/ 新,少
	Kunming	/ə̃²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ən⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/ʐən⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/niəŋ⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/ȵiŋ³⁵/ /ȵie̞³⁵/
	Hohhot	/nĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ŋã²³/
	Suzhou	/ŋã³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ŋɑŋ¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ŋiɛ²²/
Hui	Shexian	/ŋʌ̃³²⁴/ /ŋɛ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/ȵiɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ŋən¹¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ŋən²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/ŋɑŋ²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋaŋ⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋɑŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ŋaŋ²²/
	Nanning	/ŋaŋ²²/
	Hong Kong	/ŋaŋ²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/giŋ²²/ /ŋi²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋaiŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋaiŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ŋẽ³⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ŋɛ³³/

Middle Chinese: ngeangH

Rime
Character	硬
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	耕 (117)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	五爭切
Baxter	ngeangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠɛŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋᵚæŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋɐŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋəɨjŋ^H/
Li Rong	/ŋɛŋ^H/
Wang Li	/ŋæŋ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋæŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	èng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngang⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡraːŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	硬	硬
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	880	881
Phonetic component	丙	丙
Rime group	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime		鞕
Old Chinese	/*ŋɡraːŋs/	/*ŋɡraːŋs/
Notes	見傷寒論	同鞕，王韻五孟反

Definitions

硬

hard (resistant to pressure)
tough; strong; firm
good (in terms of quality or ability)
stiff; inflexible
obstinately; forcibly; resolutely
(slang) to become hard; to have an erection
(Cantonese, Teochew) certainly; definitely; of course

Synonyms

(hard):

Dialectal synonyms of 硬 (“hard”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		硬
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	硬
	Taiwan	硬
	Harbin	硬
	Singapore	硬
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	硬
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	硬
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	硬
	Xi'an	硬
	Xining	硬
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	硬
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	硬
	Lanzhou	硬
	Ürümqi	硬
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	硬
	Wuhan	硬
	Guiyang	硬奏, 硬
	Guilin	硬
	Liuzhou	硬
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	硬
	Yangzhou	硬
	Hefei	硬
Cantonese	Guangzhou	硬
	Hong Kong	硬
	Taishan	硬
	Dongguan	硬
	Yangjiang	硬
	Singapore (Guangfu)	硬
Gan	Nanchang	硬
	Lichuan	硬
	Pingxiang	硬
Hakka	Meixian	硬
	Yudu	硬
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	硬
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	硬
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	硬
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	硬
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	硬
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	丁
Huizhou	Jixi	硬
Jin	Taiyuan	硬
Jin	Xinzhou	硬
Northern Min	Jian'ou	硬
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	硬, 𠕇
Southern Min	Xiamen	硬, 𠕇
	Quanzhou	硬, 𠕇
	Zhangzhou	硬, 𠕇
	Taipei	𠕇, 硬
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	𠕇, 硬
	Kaohsiung	𠕇, 硬
	Yilan	𠕇, 硬
	Changhua (Lukang)	𠕇, 硬
	Taichung	𠕇
	Tainan	𠕇, 硬
	Hsinchu	𠕇
	Kinmen	𠕇
	Penghu (Magong)	𠕇
	Singapore (Hokkien)	𠕇, 硬
	Manila (Hokkien)	𠕇, 硬
	Chaozhou	硬, 𠕇
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	𠕇
	Singapore (Teochew)	𠕇
	Leizhou	𠕇
	Wenchang	𠕇
	Haikou	硬, 𠕇
	Singapore (Hainanese)	硬
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	硬
Wu	Shanghai	硬
	Shanghai (Chongming)	硬
	Suzhou	硬
	Danyang	硬
	Hangzhou	硬
	Ningbo	硬
	Wenzhou	硬
	Jinhua	硬
Xiang	Changsha	硬
	Loudi	硬
	Shuangfeng	硬

(thick):

Dialectal synonyms of 稠 (“thick; viscous”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		稠
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		稠
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	稠, 糨
	Taiwan	稠
	Harbin	稠
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	稠
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	厚
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	稠
	Wanrong	稠
	Xi'an	稠
	Xuzhou	稠, 厚
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	稠
	Lanzhou	稠
	Ürümqi	稠, 糨, 糊
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	稠, 乾, 釅
	Wuhan	釅, 稠
	Guiyang	乾
	Liuzhou	稠
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	稠
	Yangzhou	厚, 稠, 乾
	Nantong	厚
	Hefei	厚, 乾
Cantonese	Guangzhou	杰
	Hong Kong	杰
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	杰
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	杰
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	醹
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	杰
	Macau	杰
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	杰
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	杰
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	杰
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	杰
	Foshan	杰
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	杰
	Foshan (Shunde)	杰
	Foshan (Sanshui)	杰
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	杰
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	杰
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	杰
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	杰
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	杰
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	杰
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	杰
	Taishan	醹, 杰
	Kaiping (Chikan)	醹, 杰
	Enping (Niujiang)	杰, 醹
	Heshan (Yayao)	杰
	Dongguan	杰
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	杰
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	杰
	Shaoguan	杰
	Yunfu	杰
	Yangjiang	𤄷, 杰
	Xinyi	杰
	Lianjiang	杰
	Nanning	杰
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	杰
Gan	Nanchang	及
	Lichuan	濃
	Pingxiang	濃
Hakka	Meixian	醹, 結
	Xingning	醹
	Huidong (Daling)	醹, 竭
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	竭
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	醹
	Changting	醹, 濃, 竭
	Wuping	醹, 竭
	Wuping (Pingyu)	醹
	Liancheng	醹, 竭
	Ninghua	濃, 稠
	Yudu	竭
	Ruijin	竭
	Shicheng	濃
	Shangyou (Shexi)	醹
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	醹
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	醹
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	醹
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	醹
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	醹
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	醹
	Hong Kong	醹
Huizhou	Jixi	硬
	Shexian	硬
	Huangshan (Tunxi)	厚
	Xiuning	硬
	Yixian	硬
	Qimen	硬
	Wuyuan	硬
Jin	Taiyuan	稠
Northern Min	Jian'ou	濃
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	濃
	Songxi	濃
	Zhenghe	濃
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	濃
	Jianyang	濃
	Wuyishan	濃
	Pucheng (Shibei)	濃
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	𬇴
	Fuzhou (Changle)	𬇴
	Lianjiang	𬇴
	Fuqing	洘
	Pingtan	洘
	Yongtai	𬇴
	Minqing	𬇴
	Gutian	𬇴
	Pingnan	𬇴
	Luoyuan	𬇴
	Fu'an	𬇴
	Ningde	𬇴
	Xiapu	𬇴
	Zherong	𬇴
	Shouning	濃
	Zhouning	𬇴
	Fuding	𬇴
Southern Min	Xiamen	洘, 洽
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	洘
	Quanzhou	洘, 洽
	Jinjiang	洘
	Nan'an	洘
	Shishi	洘
	Hui'an	洘
	Anxi	洘
	Yongchun	洘
	Dehua	洘
	Zhangzhou	洘, 洽, 汔, 𠕇, 醪
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	𠕇
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	𠕇
	Hua'an	𠕇
	Nanjing	𠕇
	Pinghe	𠕇, 汔
	Zhangpu	汔
	Yunxiao	糊
	Zhao'an	汔
	Dongshan	汔
	Taipei	洘
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	洘
	Kaohsiung	洘
	Yilan	洘, 汔
	Changhua (Lukang)	洘
	Taichung	洘
	Tainan	洘
	Taitung	洘
	Hsinchu	洘
	Kinmen	洘
	Penghu (Magong)	洘
	Penang (Hokkien)	汔
	Singapore (Hokkien)	洘
	Manila (Hokkien)	洘, 洽
	Longyan	汔, 釅
	Zhangping	乾, 𠕇
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	渴
	Datian	洘, 醪
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	杰
	Chaozhou	𫀸
	Shantou	𫀸
	Shantou (Chenghai)	𫀸
	Jieyang	𫀸
	Haifeng	𫀸
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	𫀸
	Leizhou	洘, 渴
	Wenchang	渴
	Haikou	渴
Puxian Min	Putian	洘
Puxian Min	Xianyou	洘
Central Min	Yong'an	濃
Central Min	Sanming (Shaxian)	濃
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	杰
Wu	Shanghai	厚
	Shanghai (Chongming)	厚
	Suzhou	厚
	Wuxi	乾
	Danyang	乾, 厚
	Hangzhou	厚
	Ningbo	燥
	Wenzhou	饘
	Jinhua	厚
Xiang	Changsha	釅
Xiang	Shuangfeng	濃

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “hard”): 軟／软 (ruǎn)

Compounds

References

“硬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

硬

(Jōyō kanji)

Solid, hard, firm.

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [kjʌ̹ŋ]
Phonetic hangul: [경]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

硬

Wikisource

硬 (eumhun 굳을 경 (gudeul gyeong))

hanja form^? of 경 (“harden, stiffen”)

Vietnamese

Han character

硬: Hán Nôm readings: ngạnh

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.