愧

See also: 媿

愧	U+6127, 愧 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6127

← 愦
[U+6126]

CJK Unified Ideographs

愨 →
[U+6128]

Translingual

Han character

愧 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 心竹山戈 (PHUI), four-corner 9601₃, composition ⿰忄鬼)

Derived characters

𫻣

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 396, character 8
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10982
Dae Jaweon: page 734, character 15
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2329, character 11
Unihan data for U+6127

Chinese

trad.		愧
simp. ^#		愧
alternative forms		媿聭

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (鬼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
謉	tkuːlʔ, krul
瑰	kuːl, ɡuːl
傀	kuːl, kʰuːlʔ
藱	*kuːl
魁	*kʰuːl
磈	kʰuːlʔ, qulʔ
塊	kʰuːls, kʰruːds
嵬	ŋɡuːl, ŋɡuːlʔ
隗	*ŋɡuːlʔ
槐	ɡuːl, ɡruːl
瘣	*ɡuːlʔ
廆	*ɡuːlʔ
溾	ɡuːlʔ, qruːl
螝	ɡuːls, krul
褢	*ɡruːl
騩	krul, kruls, *kul
愧	*kruls
媿	*kruls
聭	*kruls
餽	*ɡruls
鬼	*kulʔ
魏	*ŋɡuls
巍	*ŋul
犩	ŋul, ŋuls

Originally written 媿. In the modern form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kruls) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ).

Shuowen interprets the character as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 恥 (“shame”) + 鬼 (“spirit”).

Etymology

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Cognate to Tibetan ཁྲེལ (khrel, “shame; modesty”)?”

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kuì (kui⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄟˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kwai³ / kwai⁵
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khùi

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kuì
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄟˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kuèi
  - Wade–Giles: kʻuei⁴
  - Yale: kwèi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuey
  - Palladius: куй (kuj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: kwai³ / kwai⁵
  - Yale: kwai / kwáih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kwai³ / kwai⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: kuei³ / kuei⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷʰɐi̯³³/, /kʷʰɐi̯¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùi
  - Tâi-lô: khuì
  - Phofsit Daibuun: quix
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰui²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰui⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰui²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰui¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰui²¹/

Middle Chinese: kwijH

Rime
Character	愧
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	脂 (18)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	俱位切
Baxter	kwijH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠiuɪ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷᵚi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kiuɪ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kjwi^H/
Li Rong	/kjui^H/
Wang Li	/kwi^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kwi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwai³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ruj-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kruls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	愧
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kuì
Middle Chinese	‹ kwij^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ruj-s/
English	ashamed
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	愧
Reading #	1/1
No.	4682
Phonetic component	鬼
Rime group	微
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	媿
Old Chinese	/*kruls/
Notes	說文同媿

Definitions

愧

ashamed; guilty; conscience-stricken; mortified
to make (someone) feel guilty; to shame; to blame

Compounds

References

“愧”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

愧

(Hyōgai kanji)

feel ashamed
shy

Readings

Go-on: き (ki)^{←き (ki, historical)}^{←くゐ (kwi, ancient)}
Kan-on: き (ki)^{←き (ki, historical)}^{←くゐ (kwi, ancient)}
Kun: はじる (hajiru, 愧じる)^{←はぢる (fadiru, 愧ぢる, historical)}、はじらう (hajirau, 愧じらう)^{←はぢらふ (fadirafu, 愧ぢらふ, historical)}、はずかしめる (hazukashimeru, 愧める)^{←はづかしめる (fadukasimeru, 愧める, historical)}、とがめる (togameru, 愧める)

Compounds

Proverbs

仰(あお)いで天(てん)に愧(は)じず，俯(ふ)して地(ち)に怍(は)じず (aoi de ten ni hajizu, fu shite chi ni hajizu)
俯仰(ふぎょう)天地(てんち)に愧(は)じず (fugyō tenchi ni hajizu)

Korean

Hanja

愧 (eumhun 부끄러워할 괴 (bukkeureowohal goe))

hanja form^? of 괴 (“ashamed, conscience-stricken”)

Vietnamese

Han character

愧: Hán Nôm readings: quý

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